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        <title xml:lang="en">Letter from Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha to Emperor Rudolf II, Constantinople, 20-25 June 1578</title>
        <title xml:lang="de">Großwesir Sokollu Mehmed Pascha an Kaiser Rudolf II., Konstantinopel, 20. bis 25 Juni 1578</title>
        <title xml:lang="tr">Vezir-i Azam Sokollu Mehmed Paşa’nın İmparator II. Rudolf’a mektubu, Kostantiniyye, 20-25 Haziran 1578</title>
        <author>
          <persName>Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</persName>
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        <respStmt>
          <resp xml:lang="de">Datenmodellierung</resp>
          <resp xml:lang="en">data modeling</resp>
          <persName>
            <forename>Jakob</forename>
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            <forename>Stephan</forename>
            <surname>Kurz</surname>
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          <resp xml:lang="de">Korrektur der engl. Übersetzung</resp>
          <resp xml:lang="en">Proofreading of English translation</resp>
          <persName xml:id="sh">
            <forename>Samuel</forename>
            <surname>Huckleberry</surname>
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            <country>Austria</country>
            <settlement>Vienna</settlement>
            <addrLine>Österreichischer Wissenschaftsfonds FWF</addrLine>
            <addrLine>Georg-Coch-Platz 2</addrLine>
            <addrLine>1010 Wien</addrLine>
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        <publisher>Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Habsburg and Balkan Studies</publisher>
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        <pubPlace ana="marcrelator:pup">Vienna</pubPlace>
        <date ana="dcterms:issued" when="2025">2025</date>
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        <title n="6" xml:lang="en">The Ottoman Grand Vizierate 1560s to 1760s</title>
        <title n="6" xml:lang="de">GraViz: Das osmanische Großwesirat (1560-1760)</title>
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        <title xml:lang="tr">Habsburg-Osmanlı Diplomasisi Kaynakları Dijital Edisyonu 1500–1918</title>
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        <p>Sokollu Mehmed Pasha responds to a letter from Rudolf II, in which the latter had complained about raids by Ferhad Bey, the Sanjak-bey of Bosnia. Mehmed Pasha informs Rudolf that the sultan has given orders to the sanjak-beys at the border, as he has done once before, to keep the peace from the Ottoman side. At the same time, the grand vizier accuses Rudolf of repeated border violations, enumerating a long list of serious raids. For example, villages have been attacked and pillaged, Ottoman subjects kidnapped, and pigs stolen, with several Ottoman castles burnt down. The extent of wrongdoing was so vast that a single letter could not encompass it all. It was solely through the diligent efforts of the grand vizier, committed to preserving peace, that the sultan’s anger could be assuaged. Therefore, Rudolf should send the gifts of honor soon, and just as the Ottoman side wants to keep the peace, he should severely punish the offenders on his side. The grand vizier also reports several further raids by the Habsburgs, in which the culprits were captured. He promises to provide Rudolf with more details once the captives reach the capital.</p>
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          <date type="Hijri">986.04.14</date>
          <date notAfter="1578-06-25" notBefore="1578-06-20">1578.06.20-25</date>
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(1565-1579) period</ref>
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          <lb/>Höchstgebreister under den grossen christlichen herren und erwöllter der
               <lb/>fürnemisten und grossmuetigen des christlichen gesaz, corrector aller
               <lb/>ding in der ganzen nazarenischen nation, beclaidt mit dem glanz der
               <lb/>herrligkeit und ehren herr der zeichen des ruembs und der hochait, konig
               <lb/>der region <rs
            ref="#mpr13416" type="place">Wien</rs>, kaiser <rs ref="#mpr17300" type="person">Rudolff der ander</rs>, des endt sey mit glückseligkeit
               <lb/>und allem guetem. 
            </p>
        <p
            xml:id="p.2">
               Nachdem e. ksl. Mt. unsere, e. Mt. etc. kaiserlichen
               <lb/>person wirdig und gezimende gruess presentirt und angebotten sein,
               <lb/>sey e. Mt. etc. freundtlichen zuwissen, das verschiner täg alher an die
               <lb/>erhebte Porten e. Mt. etc. freundtlich schreiben gelangt ist, durch welches
               <lb/>inhalt wir verstendigt und zuwissen gethan worden, wie der san<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>siack beg aus <rs ref="#mpr17670" type="place">Bossen</rs>, mit namen <rs
            ref="#mpr19416"
            type="person">Ferhat Beeg</rs>, vil e. Mt. etc. schlösser
               <lb/>wider den friden und guete ruhe eingenommen, etlich vil thausend personen
               <lb/>weckgefüert und täglich, one underlaß, allerlay schäden, blünderungen,
               <lb/>und außfäll zuethuen nit underläst, welcher auch in dem vergangnen mo<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>nat <date
            when="1578-03">Martio</date> mit grossen kriegshör außgezogen, e. Mt. etc. schloß <rs ref="#mpr19649"
              type="place">Dräß<lb break="no" rend="#shy"/>nikh</rs> eingenommen und das schloß <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Dowanäz</rs> angefallen haben solle,
               <lb/>das auch die kriegsleüt aus <rs
            ref="#mpr19472" type="place">Bossega</rs> under das schloß <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Kobräniz</rs> gerendt,
               <lb/>den marckht daselbst sambt dreien dörffern abgeprendt und vil under<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>tanen weckgefüert haben, derwegen yez die underthanen, so auf den<lb break="no" rend="#shy"/>selben gränizen gewohnt, alle weckhgezogen und also das landt
               <lb/>lähr und unbewohnt verbliben.
            </p>
        <p
            xml:id="p.3">               
               Weiter haben wir aus e. Mt. etc.
               <lb/>schreiben vernommen, nachdem es derselben unbillich gedünckht, wider
               <lb/>den friden etwas von irem thail gehandlet zu werden zugestatten,
               <lb/>das sie iren aignen currier darumben hieher geschickht, mit begern,
               <lb/>das den beegen, die auf irer hochait gränizen wohnen, den friden
               <lb/>zu ehrn und sich demselben gleichmessig zu verhalten bevolhen
               <lb/>und auferlegt werde, und sein also alle so wol die in e. Mt. etc. schreiben
               <lb/>als in derselben pottschafften und leüten uns übergebenn schrifften
               <lb/>begriffen clagen alle volkommenlich verdolmätscht, geschriben und vor
               <pb
            facs="#IMG002" n="1v" type="sheet"/>
          <lb/>dem gückseligen tron seiner <rs ref="#mpr19414"
            type="person">kaiserlichen hochait</rs> fürgebracht worden,
               <lb/>und da ir durchleuchtigkeit solliche clagen und beschwerung ange<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>hört und verstanden, haben sy alsbald verordnung gethan, e. Mt. etc.
               <lb/>ain kaiserlich schreiben zue zufertigen, welches geschehen und e. Mt. etc.
               <lb/>hiemit überschickht wirdet. 
            </p>
        <p
            xml:id="p.4">
               Sey derhalben e. Mt. etc. zuwissen, das auf
               <lb/>irer kaiserlichen hochait seiden der frid und guete ruhe und ainigkeit
               <lb/>beständig und standthafft bleibt, und vor diser zeit, als uns dergleichen
               <lb/>e. Mt. etc. beschwerungen und clagschreiben zuekommen, seind dazumal
               <lb/>dem vesier <rs
            ref="#mpr14163" type="person">Mustaffa Bassa</rs>, statthalter zu <rs ref="#mpr7448"
            type="place">Ofen</rs>, dem sein herrlig<lb break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>kait yn der zeit gemehrt werde, dem sansiack begen aus <rs ref="#mpr17670"
            type="place">Bossen</rs>,
               <lb/>und <rs ref="#mpr9889"
            type="place">Klis</rs>, auch den andern auf irer hochait gränizen residierenden
               <lb/>begen, wie es sich gebürt und billich ist, ernstlichiste bevelch zuege<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>schickht und inen, das sy den friden zuvolziehen und guete ainigkait
               <lb/>zu erhalten khain zeit versaümen, auch e. Mt. etc. königreich und lande
               <lb/>ungeblagt und unmolessiert lassen sollen, auferlegt worden,
               <lb/>und so yezt neulich von e. Mt. etc. dergleichen beschwerung schrei<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>ben unns zugeschickht und überantwort worden, auch dieselben
               <lb/>wir vor dem hohen thron unsers glückseligsten und durchleüchtigsten
               <lb/>
          <rs ref="#mpr19414"
            type="person">kaisers</rs>, das Gott sein sig und victori sterckhe und erhalte, fürgebracht,
               <lb/>haben ir ksl. mächtigkeit, neue ksl. bevelch verordnet und be<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>volhen, dem berürten vesier <rs ref="#mpr14163"
            type="person">Mustaffa Bassa</rs>, in sonderhait dem <rs ref="#mpr19416" type="person">san<lb break="no"
              rend="#shy"/>siackh beeg aus <rs ref="#mpr17670" type="place">Bossen</rs>
          </rs> und andern beegen ernstliche scharpffe
               <lb/>bevelch zuezufertigen, welliches als bereits geschehen. Wils Gott
               <lb/>der allmechtig, sy sollen khünfftig e. Mt. etc. khünigreich und landtschafften
               <lb/>nimmer mehr nit allein zu molestiern khüen sein, sonnder sie werden
               <lb/>sich von iren deputirten und aignen örttern nicht rüeren noch bewegen
               <lb/>dörffen. 
            </p>
        <p xml:id="p.5">              
               Die geehrten beegen aber, die auf der gränizen des kaiser<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>lichen gebiets seiner großmechtigkait wonen, clagen entgegen
               <pb
            facs="#IMG003" n="2r" type="sheet"/>

          <lb/>on underlaß über e. Mt. etc. haubtleüt und gräniz officialn und zeigen
               <lb/>uns an, das dieselben e. Mt. etc. haubt und bevelchsleüt nit fridlich
               <lb/>leben, sonder allerlay schäden und einfäll wider ir Mt. schlösser,
               <lb/>märckht, und dörffer thuen. Under andern des <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Mehmy Zschehaia</rs>
          <lb/>leüt, so ain schif mit proviant geladen, bei <rs ref="#mpr19673"
            type="place">Pöpa</rs> an das landt gezogen
               <lb/>und daselbst gewart, sein von den kriegsleüten von <rs
            ref="#mpr14130" type="place">Erla</rs> unverse<lb break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>hens überfallen, ain janizär sambt seinem weib und ain kriegs<lb break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>man, <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="person">Osman</rs> genant, gefangen, das schif verbrennt, und ins wasser
               <lb/>versenckht worden. An einem andern ort, <rs
            ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Zschän Kurtäran</rs> genandt,
               <lb/>haben die obernenten von <rs ref="#mpr14130" type="place">Erla</rs> ain caruässäray angefallen
               <lb/>und etlich personen daraus weckgefüert. Auf den gränizen bey
               <lb/>
          <rs ref="#mpr1744"
            type="place">Gran</rs>, <unclear>woll</unclear> man das graß abgeschnitten hat, seind die von <rs
            ref="#mpr14080" type="place">Tottes</rs>

          <lb/>under den grossen marckht kommen und ain asapen oder nasadisen
               <lb/>daselbst enthaubt. Zum andernmal seind sy, vorhabens die roß
               <lb/>auf dem graß weckh zufüeren, widerumb kummen, von den unse<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>rigen aber ersehen und zurückgejagt worden. Im nacheillen
               <lb/>aber seind der unserigen von den schüzen, so hinder ainer halt gestanden,
               <lb/>ir zwen, <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Hamsa Waivoda</rs> und <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="person">Ahmet Vaivoda</rs>, erschossen,
               <lb/>auch ain <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="person">spähi</rs> verwundt, derselben ubelthätter aber sein ir drey
               <lb/>auch enthaubt worden, und die übelthätter von <rs
            ref="#mpr14063"
            type="place">Comorn</rs> haben ain
               <lb/>schaykä, die nahend bey den gärten auf der wacht gewest, über<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>fallen und 40 asapen sambt dem schiffspatron gefangen und
               <lb/>weck gefüert. Yezt neulich haben sich die kriegsleüt von <rs
            ref="#mpr19678" type="place">Ui<lb break="no" rend="#shy"/>wär</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr19346"
            type="place">Nitra</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Scoran</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Komian</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr14063" type="place">Komárom</rs> und <rs ref="#mpr14080"
            type="place">Tottes</rs>, zu roß und
               <lb/>fueß zusamen geschlagen und an ein ortt, <rs
            ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Battory Keswir</rs> genant
               <lb/>kommen, daselbst sich in ainer halt mit sechzehen fendlein und zwölf
               <lb/>falconetlen, die sie auf den wägen gefüert, aufgehalten, und als
               <pb
            facs="#IMG004" n="2v" type="sheet"/>
          <lb/>sy under die palanka <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Kakatt</rs> gerennt von den unserigen er<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>sehen worden, sein sy mit schandt wider zurückgezogen, nach fünf
               <lb/>oder sechs tagen aber widerumb kommen, die unsern haben inen nach<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>gesezt, sy erwüscht, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Sinan Beg</rs> hat auch auf sie troffen, starckh
               <lb/>mit inen gescharmüzlt und geschlagen, auch zum zeichen derselben
               <lb/>zwölff hieher an die glückselige Porten geschickht.
            </p>
        <p xml:id="p.6">               
               In dem sansakat
               <lb/>
          <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Sazschesna</rs> sein die üblthätter umb derselben gelegenhait herumb
               <lb/>zu dreyen underschidlichen mallen in ir Mt. gebiett gerendt,
               <lb/>40 Personen und 3000 schwein entfüert, ain ander mal widerumb
               <lb/>eingefallen, 22 personen und 1800 schwein wecktriben, item under
               <lb/>ain ortt, <rs
            ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Mässlovina</rs> genant, 3 malln gerennt, ainmal etlich
               <lb/>personen gefangen, die andern zwaymal aber ist das castell zue<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>gespert worden, in dem sansiakatt <rs ref="#mpr19447"
            type="place">Hattuan</rs> einmal eingefallen,
                  <lb/>und den <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="person">beeg von Seizschen</rs> in ein halt gebracht, zu ainer zeit
                  <lb/>die kriegsleüth von <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Brym</rs> auf die halt gefüert, dreymal aller<lb break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>lay list und betrug den <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Ahmet Beeg</rs> zu <rs
            ref="#mpr19447"
            type="place">Hattuan</rs> auch in ein halt
                  <lb/>zu bringen gebraucht, und yez neulich hat der <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="person">sansiack beeg von
                     <lb/>
            <rs ref="#mpr19472" type="place">Boschega</rs>
          </rs> hieher geschriben und bericht, das das kriegsvolckh von
                  <lb/>
          <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Kobrainiz</rs>, und <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Sabyackh</rs>, nahendt an demselben <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">sansiakat</rs> ge<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>legen, den keneb sambt zehen underthanen auß dem dorff <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Pätz<lb break="no" rend="#shy"/>schuzä</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr19472" type="place">obernentem sansiäkat</rs> gehörig, umbgebracht, die übrigen
               <lb/>underthanen mit weib und kindt, auch das viech hinweckgefüert,
               <lb/>drey musulmanen, die umb proviandt außgangen, gefangen
               <lb/>und das dorf abgeprendt.               
            </p>
        <p
            xml:id="p.7">               
               Mehr haben der oberzelten aus
                  <lb/>zwayen dörffern, <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Giewis</rs> und <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Jerowa</rs> genant, alle die underthanen
               <lb/>weck gefüert und die dörffer abgebrendt, item ausser der obberürten
               <pb
            facs="#IMG005" n="3r" type="sheet"/>

          <lb/>schäden haben die obristen und herrn aus disem hernachvolgenden
                  <lb/>siben schlössern <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Sabzakh</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Kobreiniz</rs>, <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Taploniz</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Rasta</rs>, <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Kirvi<lb break="no" rend="#shy"/>rofzä</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr1691"
            type="place">Wärasin</rs>, und <rs ref="#mpr19684"
            type="place">Kossna</rs> in ainem monat 3 meil mit
                  <lb/>irem undergebnen kriegsvolckh nahend bey <rs
            ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Boschgä</rs> sich zusammen
               <lb/>gesamblet, des fürnemmens, die underthanen daselbst zu beschedigen
               <lb/>und zu molestiern. Die unserigen aber habens erfarn, sich mit
               <lb/>den musulmanischen dazumal verhandnen leüten fertig ge<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>macht, allenhalben guete wacht und guardi bestellt, das also
               <lb/>dieselbig zusamenkunfft an iren fürnemmen gehindert und un<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>verrichter sachen hat abziehen müessen, feyrn aber doch tag
               <lb/>noch nacht nit, schaden und einfall zuthuen und wiewol es billich,
               <lb/>was unsere gräniz beegen uns schreiben, das wir denselben
               <lb/>glauben geben, nicht desto weniger werden auch solche ire schrei<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>ben, clagen und beschwärungen von den gefangnen, die hieher
               <lb/>geschickht und gebracht, confirmirt und bestätt, dann sie, die ge<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>fangnen, wan sie in dem ksl. divan befragt, freywillig one
               <lb/>gewalt oder eingebung bekennen alles, was uns zuvor unsere
               <lb/>beegen hieher berichtet, und diß alles ist an im selbst wahr, auch
               <lb/>hierinnen kein außred oder zweifel durchaus nicht, und wie<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>wol ains oder zwäy e. Mt. etc. castellen eingenommen worden, so
               <lb/>ist doch umb derselben gegent herumb kain wonung, khain ge<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>bauts landt, ja man leidet grossen mangl an proviandt und
               <lb/>andern notturfften. Darumben auch, das sie an den gränizen
               <lb/>ligen, seind sie von e. Mt. etc. theils übelthättern bewonet worden,
               <lb/>die einhelligelich miteinander aus denselben schlössern ir Mt.
               <lb/>gepiet zu molestiern und zubeleidigen außgefallen. Da aber unsere
               <lb/>gräniz kriegsleüt solliches erfaren, sein sie denselben entgegen
               <pb
            facs="#IMG006" n="3v" type="sheet"/>
          <lb/>gezogen, sy angetroffen, und in die flucht geschlagen. Im nach<lb break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>eiln aber als die unserigen dieselben zufahrn vermeint, sein
               <lb/>sy, die ublthätter, aus ursach, das in den schlössern khain
               <lb/>proviant und von den umbligenden örtern nichts dahin zu bringen,
               <lb/>noch zuverhoffen gewest, auf die seidten geflohen und die
               <lb/>schlösser verlassen. Da haben unnsere Kriegsleüt die heüser
                  <lb/>also, <del
            rend="overstriked">od</del> öd und lähr gefunden, dieselben eingenommen und nit,
               <lb/>wie man fürgibt, mit gewalt wider den friden und mit ge<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>schüz beschossen und erobert, doch ist e. Mt. etc. auch nicht ver<lb break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>borgen, das e. Mt. etc. kriegsleüt etliche schlösser in unserm gebiedt
               <lb/>abgebrennt und sonst allerlay schäden und einfal gethan, und
               <lb/>ausser obeingefüerter und erzelter schäden, wan alle andere
               <lb/>einfäll, blinderung und raubereyen, von e. Mt. etc. kriegsvolckh
               <lb/>in irer hochait landen beschehen, die personen und viech so hin<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>weckh gefüert, seelen umbgebracht und der armen güeter
               <lb/>geblindert, sollen erzelt werden, es währ unmüglich solliches
               <lb/>alles mit schreiben zubegreiffen, seind also irer lenge halber
               <lb/>ausgelassen und diß allain, was oben steet, kürzlich erzelt
               <lb/>worden. Der ware Gott ist weiß, und waiß alle ding, und
               <lb/>sein zeügnüs ist allein gnueg, das die ublthätter auf e. Mt. etc.
               <lb/>tail nicht gezaümbt werden, sondern on underlaß mit schäden
               <lb/>und üblthatten, übertrettungen den unsern zuclagen ursach
                  <lb/>geben.
            </p>
        <p xml:id="p.8">
          <rs ref="#mpr19392"
            type="person">Ich</rs>, e. Mt. etc. aufrichtiger freundt, die bestendigkeit des
               <lb/>prorogirten fridens und gueter rhue begerendt und wün<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>schendt, hab alle meine gedanckhen, synn und gemüet dahin
               <lb/>gewendet, auf das beder thail underthanen und vasalln in
               <lb/>guter sicherhait, ruhe und ainigkeit leben köndten, und diß
               <pb
            facs="#IMG007" n="4r" type="sheet"/>

          <lb/>mein begern und wünschen lange zeit zuerhalten, bemühe ich
                  <lb/>mich bey dem glückhseligsten <rs
            ref="#mpr19414"
            type="person">kaiser</rs> der viertail der welt,
               <lb/>das ien Gott der allerhöchste, alle zeit biß zu der auffer<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>stehung der todten erhalte, mit allerlay berichten, informatio
               <lb/>und wol accommodierten relationen, und mit disem unseren
               <lb/>procediern und dergleichen guete officia prestiern haben wir
               <lb/>das feur des zorns seiner hochait ermiltert und erwaicht.               
               <lb/>Aus diser obeingefürten erzelung schliessen e. Mt. etc. unser
               <lb/>guete naigung und gemüet zu sein, weil zu bederseits gute
               <lb/>ainigkeit und der grundt des waren frids begert und ver<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>langt wierdt, das notwendiglich vonnötten, alles was biß<lb break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>hero geschehen, das es geschehen sey. Künfftig aber, wan etwas
               <lb/>wider die sicherheit und aufgerichten friden sich zuetragen
               <lb/>und erheben wurde, soll man alsdann allen müglichen
               <lb/>vleiß anwenden, damit die jhenigen, so die bevelch über<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>tretten und darwider gehandlet haben, wie es sich gebürt, ge<lb break="no" rend="#shy"/>strafft werden. 
            </p>
        <p
            xml:id="p.9">  
                  Weil dann dem also, wann nur e. Mt. etc.
               <lb/>diß unser freundtlich schreiben zu handen gelangt, so soll
               <lb/>e. Mt. etc. überflüssigen, aufrechten freundtschafft und
               <lb/>volkommen lautern zuenaigung nach, so eure Mt. mit der Porten,
               <lb/>die ain nest der glückseligkeit ist, gehabt, und laut des
               <lb/>ksl. schreibens irer hochait, welches e. Mt. etc. hiemit geschickhtt wirdt,
               <lb/>e. Mt. etc. present, so von altershero zu der erhebten Porten
               <lb/>geschickht worden, nit lenger aufgehalten, sondern alle jar zu
               <lb/>rechter bestimbter zeit herein geordnet werden, und wie
               <lb/>wir unsern beegen den friden ernstlich zuhalten bevolhen,
               <lb/>also will sich auch e. Mt. etc. gebürn, iren haubtleüten, irn vestungen,
               <pb
            facs="#IMG008" n="4v" type="sheet"/>

          <lb/>verwaltern und gränizofficialn gleichsfals aufzuerlegen
               <lb/>und zu bevelhen, das sie iren undergebnen kriegsleüthen
               <lb/>hinfüro nimmermer zuegeben nochgestatten, wider den friden,
               <lb/>rhue und ainigkeit einfall, blinderung und schäden in dem
               <lb/>kaiserlichen gebiedt seiner großmechtigkeit zu thun, das
               <lb/>auch die ubelthätter und fridbrüchige gezaümbt, und die,
               <lb/>so der prohibition und bevelch zuwider handlen, gestrafft
               <lb/>werden, auf das, wann zu beeder tail die frids capitulation,
               <lb/>guete rhue und ainigkeit gehalten und geehrt wirdt, die sicher<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>hait und guete freundtschafft, so zwischen uns ist, bestendig be<lb break="no" rend="#shy"/>harren und lang wehren müge, und eure Mt. gebrauchen guten
               <lb/>vleiß anzuwenden, damit die underthanen, vasallen und die
               <lb/>armen schwachen leüt, sicherlich und ruewigclich sein und leben
               <lb/>mögen.
            </p>
        <p xml:id="p.10">
          <lb/>Weiter sey e. Mt. etc. zuwissen, das yezt under abfertigung
               <lb/>disen gegenwirtigen curriers von den gränizen des
               <lb/>
          <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">beeg von <rs ref="#mpr14067" type="place">Solnockh</rs>
          </rs> uns bericht zuekummen, wie das die
               <lb/>von <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Cälo</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr14069" type="place">Tokay</rs>, Värda und <rs ref="#mpr14130"
            type="place">Erla</rs> bey 700 zu roß
               <lb/>sein außzogen, willens den jarmarckh zu <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Hedvernickh</rs>

          <lb/>genant und in seiner hochait gebiet gelegen zu uberfallen,
               <lb/>seien aber von den unserigen geschlagen, deren auch etlich
               <lb/>gefangen und alher an seiner hochait erhebte Porten ge<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>sandt worden, wie sie dann selbst aigenlich bekent haben.
               <lb/>Deßgleichn auch der <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="person">sansiäck beeg von <rs ref="#mpr14101" type="place">Jula</rs>
          </rs> berichtet uns,
               <lb/>wie eben die von <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Calo</rs>, <rs
            ref="#mpr14069" type="place">Tokay</rs>, und <rs ref="#mpr19443"
            type="place">Sackmär</rs> auch außzogen
               <lb/>seien, etlich dörfer seiner hochait gebiets zubeschedigen
               <pb
            facs="#IMG009" n="5r" type="sheet"/>

          <lb/>und zubelaidigen, aber von den unserigen wahr genommen
               <lb/>worden und die flucht geben, wie dann der jhenigen etlich
               <lb/>alhie ankomen, die auch alsbaldt sie befragt worden, solliches
               <lb/>lauter bekhendt haben, das sie außzogen seien. So ist e. Mt. etc.
               <lb/>verschiner zeit in seiner hocheit ksl. schreiben vermeldt worden,
               <lb/>wie e. Mt. etc. haubtleüt, der von <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Serin</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Kielman</rs>, <rs
            ref="#mpr19665" type="person">Ungnad</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Eilo<lb break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>witzer</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Nadaßdy</rs> und <rs ref="#mprunknown"
            type="person">Wornemissa Janusch</rs> bey 6 oder 7000
               <lb/>starckh under <rs
            ref="#mprunknown"
            type="place">Wawoza</rs> kommen und haltengestossen, alsbaldt
               <lb/>sie aber von den unserigen vernommen worden wider abzogen
               <lb/>sein, auch damals den <rs
            ref="#mprunknown"
            type="person">Soleiman Waiwoda</rs> nidergehaut,
               <lb/>und im abzug von den eurigen etlich gefangen, die gleichsfals
               <lb/>yezundt alher kommen, und als sie befragt worden, auch aller<lb
            break="no" rend="#shy"/>massen reden, wie uns der <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">beg von <rs
              ref="#mpr14103" type="place">Siget</rs>

          </rs> berichtet hat.
               <lb/>Man schreibe uns verner zue, wie das e. Mt. etc. tails abermals
               <lb/>1700 auf die polankha <rs
            ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Sutschen</rs> under dem sansiakat <rs ref="#mpr1741"
            type="place">Fünf
                  <lb/>kirchen</rs> gefallen und das zuverheren und zuverprennen
               <lb/>willens gewest, da aber die unserigen dessen innenworden,
               <lb/>sein sie auf dieselbigen zuezogen, auch von den jhenigen et<lb
            break="no"
            rend="#shy"/>lich gefangen, die gleichwol noch nicht hieher ankommen und
               <lb/>geführet, sonder nach hieher zukommen auf dem weeg seien,
               <lb/>alß dan e. Mt. etc. hernach bericht beschehen soll.
               <pb
            facs="#IMG010" n="5v" type="sheet"/>
        </p>
        <postscript>
          <p xml:id="p.11">
            <lb/>
            <date from="1578-06-20" to="1578-06-25">20.-25. Juni 1578</date>
            <lb/>Copi
               <lb/>des schreibens and die <rs ref="#mpr17300"
              type="person">röm. ksl.
                  <lb/>Mt.</rs> vom <rs ref="#mpr19392" type="person">Mehmet Bassa</rs>
          </p>
        </postscript>
      </div>
      <div type="translation" xml:id="graviz.l.15780620.trans" xml:lang="en">
        <div>
          <pb n="1r" type="sheet"/>
          <opener>

            <salute>
                     Most illustrious among the great Christian rulers and chosen one of the foremost and most magnanimous of the Christian law, corrector of all things in the entire Nazarene nation, bestowed with the splendor of glory and honor, lord of the signs of glory and majesty, king of the region of <rs
                ref="#mpr13416" type="place">Vienna</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr17300" type="person">Emperor Rudolf the other</rs>, whose end be with felicity and all that is good. 
                  </salute>
          </opener>
          <p
              xml:id="p.12">
                  Having presented and offered your imperial majesty our greetings, which are worthy and befitting of your majesty’s imperial person, let it be kindly known to your majesty that recently your majesty’s friendly letter has reached the Sublime Port, through which we have been informed and made aware of how the sanjak-bey from <rs
              ref="#mpr17670" type="place">Bosnia</rs>, named <rs ref="#mpr19416"
              type="person">Ferhat Bey</rs>, has seized many of your majesty’s castles contrary to peace and good order, abducted several thousand people, and daily, unceasingly, perpetrated all sorts of damages, plunderings, and raids. It has also been reported that in the past month of <date
              when="1578-03">March</date> he set out with a large army, captured your majesty’s castle of <rs
              ref="#mpr19649" type="place">Drežnik</rs> and assaulted the castle of <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Dowanäz</rs>. Furthermore, that he has raided the troops from <rs ref="#mpr19472"
              type="place">Požega</rs> and the castle of <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Kobräniz</rs>, burnt down the market there along with three villages and abducted many subjects. For this reason, the subjects who dwelled on these borders have now all left and thus the land remains empty and uninhabited. We have further learned from your majesty’s letter that, as it seemed inadmissible to you to allow anything against the peace from your part, you have sent your own courier with the request that the beys living on his highness’ borders be commanded and instructed to honor the peace and to conduct themselves accordingly and all complaints, both in your majesty’s letters and in the reports and writings delivered to us, have been thoroughly translated, written out, and presented before 
                  <pb
              n="1v" type="sheet"/>
                  the blessed throne of his imperial highness, and having heard and understood such complaints and grievances, his serene highness has immediately issued an order to prepare an imperial letter to your majesty which has been done and is herewith sent to you.
               </p>
          <p
              xml:id="p.13">
                  Let it therefore be known to your majesty that on his imperial highness’ side, peace, good tranquility, and unity remain steadfast and unshakeable, and prior to this time, when such grievances and complaints from your majesty reached us, the most serious orders were sent to the <rs
              ref="#mpr14163" type="person">Vizier Mustafa Pasha</rs>, governor of <rs ref="#mpr7448"
              type="place">Buda</rs>, may his glory be increased over time, to the sanjak-beys from <rs ref="#mpr17670"
              type="place">Bosnia</rs> and <rs ref="#mpr9889"
              type="place">Klis</rs> as well as to the other beys residing on his highness’ borders, as is fitting and fair, instructing them to make peace and maintain good unity without delay, and to leave your majesty’s kingdom and lands unharmed and undisturbed. Recently, when similar such complaints have been sent and handed over to us by your majesty and likewise been presented before the high throne of our most blessed and illustrious emperor, may God strengthen and preserve his victory, his imperial majesty has issued a new imperial decree and ordered firm instructions to be sent to the aforementioned <rs
              ref="#mpr14163" type="person">Vizier Mustafa Pasha</rs>, the sanjak-bey from <rs ref="#mpr17670" type="place">Bosnia</rs> and other beys, so that, this being done, they shall henceforth, by the will of God the Almighty, never dare to molest your majesty’s kingdom and territories again, nor to move or stir beyond their assigned and their own territories.
               </p>
          <p
              xml:id="p.14">
                  The honorable beys, however, who live on the borders of the imperial territory of his exalted majesty, complain to us
                  <pb
              n="2r"
              type="sheet"/>
                  unceasingly about your majesty’s captains and border officials, and inform us that they, your majesty’s captains and border officials, do not live peacefully but do all kinds of damage and raids against his majesty’s castles, markets, and villages. Among other things, the people of <rs
              ref="#mprunknown"
              type="person">Mehmy Zschehaia</rs>, who had loaded a ship with provisions, pulled ashore near <rs
              ref="#mpr19673" type="place">Pápa</rs> and waited there, were suddenly attacked by the warriors of <rs
              ref="#mpr14130" type="place">Eger</rs>, during which a janissary with his wife and a warrior called <rs
              ref="#mprunknown"
              type="person">Osman</rs> were captured and the ship was burned and sunk in the water. At another place, called <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Zschän Kurtäran</rs>, the aforementioned men from <rs ref="#mpr14130"
              type="place">Eger</rs> attacked a caruässäray and took many people from there. On the borders near <rs
              ref="#mpr1744" type="place">Esztergom</rs>, where the grass has been cut off, those from <rs
              ref="#mpr14080"
              type="place">Tata</rs> and the large markets came and beheaded an <unclear>Asapen or Nasadisen</unclear>. On another occasion, they returned with the intention of stealing the horses on the grass but were spotted by our men and chased away. However, in the pursuit, two of our men, <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Hamsa Waivoda</rs> and <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="person">Ahmet Vaivoda</rs>, were shot dead and one sipahi was wounded by shooters lying in an ambush, yet three of the evildoers were beheaded. Furthermore, the evildoers of <rs
              ref="#mpr14063"
              type="place">Komárom</rs> attacked a shayka that kept watch near the gardens and seized and abducted 40 Asapen together with the ship’s captain. Recently, the soldiers of <rs
              ref="#mpr19678" type="place">Uivar</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Nitra</rs>, <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Scoran</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Komian</rs>, <rs
              ref="#mpr14063" type="place">Komárom</rs> and <rs ref="#mpr14080"
              type="place">Tata</rs> assembled on horseback and on foot and came to a place called <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Battory Keswir</rs>, where they stopped with sixteen banners and twelve falconets, which they transported on their wagons. When they 
                  <pb
              n="2v" type="sheet"/>
                  approached the palanka <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Kakatt</rs> and were spotted by our men, they withdrew in disgrace, but returned after five or six days, whereupon our men followed and caught them. Sinan Bey met them, too, skirmished and fought with them severely, and as evidence thereof sent twelve of them here to the blessed Porte.
               </p>
          <p xml:id="p.15">
                  In the sanjak of <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Sazschesna</rs> the evildoers have entered his majesty’s territory on three different occasions at approximately the same location, seizing 40 people and 3000 pigs. During another raid, they took away 22 people and 1800 pigs. They also raided a place called <rs
              ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Mässlovina</rs> three times, capturing many people on one occasion, whereas the other two times the castle was closed off. Once they invaded the sanjak of <rs
              ref="#mpr19447" type="place">Hatvan</rs> and ambushed the sanjak-bey of <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Seizchen</rs>, at another time they defeated the soldiers of <rs ref="#mpr14067"
              type="place">Szolnok</rs>, once they brought the warriors of <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Brym</rs> to a halt, three times they used all kinds of trickery and deceit to bring the <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Ahmet Bey</rs> of <rs ref="#mpr19447"
              type="place">Hatvan</rs> to a halt, and just recently the sanjak-bey of <rs ref="#mpr19472"
              type="place">Požega</rs> wrote and reported here that the warriors of <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Kobrainiz</rs> and <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Sabzackh</rs>, located near the same sanjak, have killed the keneb together with ten subjects from the village of <rs
              ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Pätzschuzä</rs> – which belongs to the aforementioned sanjak – and have taken away the remaining subjects, their wives and children as well as the livestock, captured three Muslims who went out for provisions and burned down the village. 
                  In addition, the above-mentioned have abducted all the subjects from two villages, called <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Giewis</rs> and <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Jerowa</rs>, and burned down the villages. Furthermore, apart from the above-mentioned
                  <pb
              n="3r"
              type="sheet"/>
                  damages, in one month the colonels and lords from the following seven castles <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Sabzakh</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Kobreiniz</rs>, <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Taploniz</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Rasta</rs>, <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Kirvirofzä</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr1691" type="place">Varaždin</rs> and <rs
              ref="#mpr19684" type="place">Kosna</rs> gathered three miles from <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Boschzä</rs> with their soldiers with the intention of harassing and molesting the subjects there. Our men, however, found out about it, made preparations together with the Muslims who were present at the time and posted good guards everywhere – thus thwarting the gathering’s plans which had to leave without having achieved anything. They, however, do not refrain – day or night – from inflicting damage and incursions, and although it is reasonable to believe what our border beys write to us, their letters, complaints and grievances are nonetheless confirmed and verified by the prisoners who were sent and brought here; the prisoners, when questioned in the royal divan, freely confess without violence or insinuation all that our officials have previously reported to us, and all this is true in itself. Nor is there any excuse or doubt about it. Although one or two of your majesty’s castles have been taken, there is no dwelling, no cultivated land around them; indeed, they suffer great want of provisions and other necessities. As they are located on the borders, they have been inhabited by evildoers from your Majesty’ part who unanimously sallied forth from those castles to beset and abuse his majesty’s territory. Upon learning of this, our border troops marched against them, confronted them, 
                  <pb
              n="3v" type="sheet"/>
                  and sent them running. When our men hastened to apprehend them, however, the evildoers fled to the sides and abandoned the castles, for there were no provisions there and nothing could be brought nor hoped for from the surrounding villages. Our soldiers then found the houses desolate and deserted, seized them, and did not, as is claimed, conquer them by force and with cannon fire against the peace. Furthermore, your majesty is well aware that your majesty’s soldiers have burned down several castles in our territory, causing various damage and incursions. If, in addition to the aforementioned damage, we were to detail all other incursions, plundering and robberies committed by your majesty’s soldiers in the lands of his highness – the people and livestock that have been taken away, the souls that have been killed, and the goods of the poor that have been plundered – it would be impossible to encompass everything in writing. Therefore, for the sake of length we have omitted them and recounted only what is written above. The true God is wise, and knows all things, and His testimony alone is sufficient to know that the evildoers are not restrained on your majesty’s part, but unceasingly give cause for lamentation to our own with harmful actions, evil deeds and transgressions. 
               </p>
          <p xml:id="p.16">
            <rs ref="#mpr19392"
              type="person">I</rs>, your majesty’s sincere friend, who covets and desires the continuity of the prolonged peace and good tranquility, have devoted all my thoughts, mind and soul to ensuring that the subjects and vassals on both sides may live in good security, peace and unity. In order to preserve this 
                  <pb
              n="4r"
              type="sheet"/>
                  wish and desire for a long time, I endeavor to provide the most blessed <rs
              ref="#mpr19414" type="person">emperor</rs> of a quarter of the world – may God Most High preserve him for all time until the resurrection of the dead – with all kinds of reports, information and well-prepared accounts. By proceeding thus and rendering such good services, we managed to temper and soften the fire of his highness’ wrath. From the foregoing, your majesty may discern our goodwill and disposition – for on both sides good unity and the cause of true peace is desired and demanded – and that it is necessary that everything that has occurred thus far be concluded. Henceforth, however, if something were to occur and arise against the security and established peace, thereupon all possible diligence should be used so that those who have violated the order and acted against it are punished as befits the case. 
               </p>
          <p
              xml:id="p.17">
                  Upon the arrival of this friendly letter of ours in your majesty’s hands, and in accordance with your majesty’s ebullient and sincere friendship as well as purest affection for the Porte, which is a sanctuary of bliss, and in accordance with his highness’ imperial letter sent herewith to your majesty, your majesty’s present, sent to the Sublime Porte from time immemorial, shall not be delayed any longer but shall be ordered to come in every year at the appointed time, and just as we have commanded our beys to keep the peace earnestly, so will your majesty likewise oblige to order and command your captains, your fortresses, 
                  <pb
              n="4v" type="sheet"/>
                  administrators and border officials to henceforth neither allow nor permit their subordinate soldiers to raid, plunder and damage the imperial territory of his exalted majesty contrary to peace, tranquility and unity and, furthermore, to restrain the evildoers and peace-breakers and punish those who act contrary to the prohibition and order, so that if on both sides the peace capitulation, good peace and unity are kept and honored, the security and good friendship that exist between us may endure and last, and your majesty apply good diligence to ensure that the subjects, vassals, and the poor weak people may be safe and live in peace.
               </p>
          <p
              xml:id="p.18">
                  Moreover, let it be known to your majesty that we have recently received a report by courier from the borders of the bey of <rs
              ref="#mpr14067" type="place">Szolnok</rs> that those from <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Calo</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr14069" type="place">Tokaj</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr14078"
              type="place">Kisvárda</rs>, and <rs ref="#mpr14130"
              type="place">Eger</rs> have set out on horseback with around 700 men with the intention of attacking the fair called <rs
              ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Hedvernickh</rs> – situated in his highness’ territory – but were defeated by our men, many of them captured and sent here to his highness’ Sublime Porte as they themselves confessed. In the same way, the <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="person">sanjak-bey of <rs ref="#mpr14101" type="place">Gyula</rs>
            </rs> tells us how the people of <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Calo</rs>, <rs ref="#mpr14069"
              type="place">Tokaj</rs> and <rs ref="#mpr19443"
              type="place">Sackmar</rs> also set out to damage 
                  <pb n="5r"
              type="sheet"/>
                  and abuse many villages in his highness’ territory, but were noticed by ours and fled, and how some of them arrived here and, when questioned, confessed what they had done. Likewise, it has recently been reported to your majesty in his highness’ imperial letter that your majesty’s captains <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Serin</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Kielman</rs>, <rs
              ref="#mpr19665" type="person">Ungnad</rs>, <rs ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Eilowitzer</rs>, <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="person">Nadaßdy</rs> and <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="person">Wornemissa Janusch</rs> approached <rs ref="#mprunknown"
              type="place">Wawoza</rs> with a force of about 6 or 7,000 and stopped, but as soon as they were noticed by our men, they withdrew, slewing <rs
              ref="#mprunknown"
              type="person">Soleiman Waiwoda</rs> in the process. During the retreat, many were captured by our men, brought here, and upon questioning said the same as reported to us by the <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="person">bey of <rs ref="#mpr14103" type="place">Szigetvár</rs>
            </rs>. We are further informed that 1,700 from your majesty’s part have again attacked the palanka <rs
              ref="#mprunknown" type="place">Sutschen</rs> in the sanjak <rs ref="#mpr1741" type="place">Pécs</rs>, seeking to devastate it and burn it to the ground. Upon becoming aware of this, our men moved towards them and captured many of them, who nevertheless have not yet arrived and been brought here but are on their way, which will be reported to your majesty hereafter.
               </p>
        </div>
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